Lexical production and innovation in child and adult Russian Heritage speakers dominant in English and Hebrew

Abstract The present study investigated lexical production and innovation of 202 participants across six groups: child adult heritage speakers Russian, dominant in Hebrew or American English, monolingual Russian-speaking children adults. Understanding quantitative performance these groups was intended to provide a comprehensive perspective on language (HL) development, while comparing the participants’ qualitative non-target response patterns would elucidate organization HL lexicon. We assessed Russian nouns verbs using naming task. then considered effects input at societal levels (focusing word frequency age acquisition). Our findings are discussed terms accounts developmental trajectories: monolingual-like trajectory, frozen attrition, new variety contact situation. results presented no evidence for elements other three trajectories were found our analyses.